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As the second half of the year begins, the bear market has nervous investors looking for any sign of a shift in the direction of the market. When the new earnings seasons kicks off Tuesday, Alcoa Inc.'s (NYSE: AA) second-quarter results may offer the first glimpse of what to expect going forward.

Pittsburgh-based Alcoa has missed earnings estimates in just two out of the past five quarters. When the leading aluminum producer reported first-quarter results back in March, its net income of 44 cents per share fell short of the consensus of analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial by four cents, and were down from 79 cents per share in the same quarter of 2007. For this current quarter, analysts expect earnings of 68 cents per share on $7.4 billion in revenue.

In recent news, power supply issues led Alcoa to idle its Rockdale, Tex., facility. The company announced a deal for bauxite mining and alumina processing in Vietnam. Alcoa was named one of the world's most ethical companies and recognized for the best safety performance in its industry. And back in early May, Klaus Kleinfield became Alcoa's president and CEO. For analyst upgrades and downgrades, as well as other news that could influence Alcoa's results, see BloggingStocks' Alcoa coverage.

Alcoa's long-term earnings per share growth forecast is 21.6%, which is less than the metals and mining industry average but better than the S&P 500. The consensus recommendation from analysts is to buy Alcoa, and has been for more than 90 days. The share price has been falling from a recent high of $44. 77 in mid May, and closed at $32.78 on Friday. Shares are down 10.3% year to date.

Bellwether General Electric (NYSE: GE) also reports later in the week, and may also help set the tone for the quarter and the rest of the year.

Visit AOL Money & Finance for more earnings coverage.

The new quarter brings with it a new earnings season. While the earnings crunch doesn't begin in earnest until the following week, Alcoa as usual helps kick things off this coming week.

One of the world's leading producers of aluminum, Pittsburgh-based Alcoa Inc. (NYSE: AA) is scheduled to report second-quarter results Tuesday after market close. Analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial on average expect the company to report net income of 68 cents per share on revenue of $7.4 billion. That's down 16% from EPS a year ago. Alcoa has missed estimates in two of the past five quarters -- by four cents in the previous quarter. Analysts have recommend buying AA for more than 90 days. Shares have fallen 10.3% year to date, but the long-term EPS growth forecast is 21.6%.

Beverage distributor Pepsi Bottling Group Inc. (NYSE: PBG) is scheduled to report its second-quarter results Tuesday morning. Analysts are looking for earnings of 75 cents per share, up 6.6% from the same period of the previous year, on revenue of $3.6 billion. PBG has offered up positive surprises recently, by a penny in the previous quarter. However, analysts recommend holding PBG, and have for more than 90 days. The long-term EPS growth forecast is 9.1%, which is better than the industry average. Shares have fallen 27.6% year to date.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• AeroVironment Inc. (NASDAQ: AVAV) beat Q4 estimates on demand for unmanned aircraft.
• Apollo Group Inc. (NASDAQ: APOL) beat Q3 expectations on increased enrollment and tuition collection.
• Campbell Soup Co. (NYSE: CPB) predicted earnings at the high end of the previously announced range.
• Constellation Brands Inc. (NYSE: STZ) posted better-than-expected Q1 earnings, sending shares up.
• Deutsche Bank (NYSE: DB), in an effort to calm investors, said that it expects a Q2 profit.
• Family Dollar Stores Inc. (NYSE: FDO) beat Q3 expectations and raised its Q4 guidance.
• H&R Block Inc. (NYSE: HRB) posted solid Q4 and full-year results and boosted its dividend.
• Kroger Co. (NYSE: KR) posted record Q1 EPS and in-line guidance, and its share buybacks continue.
• Nvidia Corp. (NASDAQ: NVDA) warned of lower Q2 earnings due to slowing demand and lower prices.
• Robbins & Myers Inc. (NYSE: RBN) beat Q3 expectations and raised its Q4 and full-year outlook.
• Thornburg Mortgage Inc. (NYSE: TMA) 2007 results are being investigated by the SEC.
• UnitedHealth Group (NYSE: UNH) cut its full-year outlook due to changing business trends.

More highlights from this past week: BP, Discover, Corel, Citigroup, WD-40, MSCI and others

Also, Peter Cohan points out that a bear market means low earnings expectations, and also that negative surprises are likely to outweigh positive ones in the second half of the year. Aaron Katsman, on the other hand, predicts a rebound for earnings in the second half. And BusinessWeek reminds us that cheap stocks -- even with big names such as Ford Motor Co. (NYSE: F), Sprint Nextel Corp. (NYSE: S), and Northwest Airlines (NYSE: NWA) -- are no bargain if they have no earnings.

Upcoming results to watch for include Alcoa (NYSE: AA), Pepsi Bottling Group (NYSE: PBG), Marriott International (NYSE: MAR), and General Electric (NYSE: GE).

Visit AOL Money & Finance for more earnings coverage.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• Andersons Inc. (NASDAQ: ANDE) lifted its outlook on improved performance of its Plant Nutrient Group.
• BP Plc (NYSE: BP) was upgraded by Societe Generale due in part to its earnings prospects.
• Citigroup Inc. (NYSE: C) has developed an earnings improvement plan based on collective bonuses.
• Corel Corp. (NASDAQ: CREL) solid Q2 results did not address a buyout offer from Vector Capital.
• Discover Financial Services (NYSE: DFS) Q2 earnings were boosted by dumping its Goldfish card division.
• Fortune Brands Inc. (NYSE: FO) lowered its earnings outlook on challenging consumer environment.
• Isle of Capri Casinos Inc. (NASDAQ: ISLE) blamed dismal results on floods and smoking bans.
• MSCI Inc. (NYSE: MXB) strong Q2 results didn't save it from being dumped by Morgan Stanley (NYSE: MS).
• PAREXEL International Corp. (NASDAQ: PRXL) lifted its Q4 and full-year guidance, leading to an upgrade.
• Texas Industries Inc. (NYSE: TXI) was downgraded due to fears about its earnings prospects.
• Taleo Corp. (NASDAQ: TLEO) reaffirmed its outlook as an acquisition would boost results.
• WD-40 Co. (NASDAQ: WDFC) posted solid Q3 results and offered conservative guidance.

More highlights from this past week: Apollo Group, Family Dollar, Kroger, Deutsche Bank and others

Also, while Jim Cramer ponders what will signal the bottom, many investors will be looking at next week's earnings results for General Electric (NYSE: GE), the world's largest conglomerate, as a sign of the direction of the global market. And BusinessWeek reminds us that cheap stocks -- even with big names such as Ford Motor Co. (NYSE: F), Sprint Nextel Corp. (NYSE: S), and Northwest Airlines (NYSE: NWA) -- are no bargain if they have no earnings.

Upcoming results to watch for include Alcoa (NYSE: AA), Pepsi Bottling Group (NYSE: PBG), Marriott International (NYSE: MAR), and General Electric (NYSE: GE).

Visit AOL Money & Finance for more earnings coverage.

Discount-store operator Family Dollar Stores Inc. (NYSE: FDO) reported that its fiscal third-quarter profit rose as more consumers sought bargains on food and other items. And Apollo Group Inc. (NASDAQ: APOL) said Tuesday its fiscal third-quarter profit rose as increased advertising of its educational programs attracted new students.

Family Dollar earnings for the quarter ended May 31 rose 7% from the year-ago period to $64.7 million, or 46 cents per share. Total revenue rose 2.9% to $1.7 billion, with same-store sales rising only 0.1%.

Analysts polled by Thomson Financial had expected a profit of 40 cents per share on revenue of $1.7 billion.

The company said a rise in the average amount customers spent per transaction helped offset lower store traffic, and that cost and inventory controls also benefited results.

Family Dollar raised its fiscal fourth-quarter guidance by a penny.

Shares rose $2.81 to $23.10 in morning trading. The share price is up 16.9% year to date.

Given that it's the end of the quarter, as well as the U.S. Independence Day holiday on Friday, next week looks to be pretty quiet as far as earnings go. But there are a few things of note.

Tax preparation company H&R Block (NYSE: HRB) is scheduled to report its fiscal fourth-quarter results Monday after market close. Analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial on average expect the company to report net income of $2.03 per share on revenue of $2.5 billion. That's an increase of more than 10% over EPS a year ago. H&R Block has tended to fall short of estimates recently, and rival Jackson Hewitt (NYSE: JTX) missed its EPS estimates earlier this month. Still, analysts recommend buying HRB. Shares have risen 12.1% year to date, and the long-term EPS growth forecast is 11.7%.

Alcoholic beverage maker and distributor Constellation Brands (NYSE: STZ) is scheduled to report its fiscal first-quarter results Tuesday morning. Analysts are looking for earnings of 31 cents per share, up 32.3% from the same period of the previous year, on revenue of $906.1 million. Constellation has tended toward positive surprises recently, by 8 cents, or 33.8%, in the previous quarter. However, analysts recommend holding STZ and have for more than 90 days., even though the long-term EPS growth forecast is 12.3%. Although shares have risen 9.0% in the past three months, they are down 16.8% year to date.

Phoenix-based education company Apollo Group (NASDAQ: APOL) is scheduled to report its fiscal third-quarter results late Tuesday. Analysts on average are expecting the company to report net income of 78 cents per share -- the same as in the year ago period -- on revenue of $806.9 million. When it comes to meeting expectations, lately Apollo has a mixed record -- it fell short by 11 cents, or more than 20%, in the previous quarter. Analysts recommend buying APOL and have for more than 90 days. The long-term EPS growth forecast is 14.0%. Though shares have risen 4.2% in the past three months, they are down 31.6% year to date.

Here are some highlights from this past week's earnings coverage from BloggingStocks:

• Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. (NASDAQ: BBBY) Q1 earnings tumbled while revenues rose.
• Casella Waste Systems Inc. (NASDAQ: CWST) posted a narrower-than-expected Q4 loss.
• CKE Restaurants Inc. (NYSE: CKR) Q1 earnings increased but its revenue slipped.
• Darden Restaurants Inc. (NYSE: DRI) swung to a Q4 profit on strong sales at Olive Garden.
• Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) said it might not see Q2 profit growth on lower demand and shipping delays.
• General Mills Inc. (NYSE: GIS) Q4 earnings declined but were in line with expectations.
• Gerber Scientific Inc. (NYSE: GRB) reported solid Q4 and full-year results that pleased investors.
• IHS Inc. (NYSE: IHS) beat Q2 expectations and posted record quarterly cash flow from operations.
• Jabil Circuit Inc. (NYSE: JBL) stronger-than-expected Q3 results led to an analyst's upgrade.
• KB Home (NYSE: KBH) widened its Q2 loss due to weak sales and falling prices.
• Kroger Co. (NYSE: KR) beat Q1 expectations as consumers sought discounts on food and gas.
• Monsanto Co. (NYSE: MON) beat Q3 earnings estimates but fell short of revenue estimates.
• Nike Inc. (NYSE: NKE) posted better-than-expected Q4 results boosted by international strength.
• Oracle Corp. (NASDAQ: ORCL) posted strong Q4 results that topped analysts' expectations (see transcript).

On Thursday, home builder Lennar Corp. (NYSE: LEN) said that its fiscal second-quarter loss narrowed, as Wall Street had expected. KB Home (NYSE: KBH), on the other hand, reported Friday a larger-than-expected second-quarter loss due to weak sales and falling home prices, as well as write downs.

For the quarter ended May 31, Los Angeles-based KB Home reported a loss of $255.9 million, or $3.30 per share, compared to a loss of $148.7 million, or $1.93 per share, in the same period of the previous year. This includes a charge of $176.5 million against unsold homes and to abandon some land option contracts.

Revenue tumbled 55% to $639.1 million, driven by lower housing and land sales. Analysts polled by Thomson Financial had expected a loss of 94 cents per share on revenue of $691.3 million.

As of May 31, KB Home's backlog of homes yet to be delivered was 6,233 units, down 54% percent from the same quarter last year. Unit deliveries, meanwhile, fell 41% to 2,810 as the company attempted to scale back its inventory of homes on the market.

KB Home said its cancellation rate was 27%, down from 34% in the year-ago period and 53% in the first quarter, but new orders during the quarter fell 42% from a year ago to 4,200.

On Thursday, Omaha-based ConAgra Foods Inc. (NYSE: CAG) reported profit growth in the fourth quarter due in part to contributions from its commodity trading unit, which the company just sold. Also, homebuilder Lennar Corp. (NYSE: LEN) said its fiscal second-quarter loss narrowed, despite writedowns and a hefty drop in revenues.

ConAgra said earnings grew almost 5% from the year-ago period to $201 million, or 41 cents per share, including 23 cents per share from discontinued operations. The company also said revenue rose 15% to $3.08 billion.

Analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial had expected earnings for the quarter ended May 25 to be 34 cents per share on revenue of $3.4 billion.

ConAgra guided earnings to between 26 cents and 28 cents per share in the first quarter, and $1.56 and $1.59 per share for fiscal 2009. Analysts are predicting earnings per share of 33 cents per share in the first quarter, as well as $1.60 for the year.

ConAgra shares fell $1.23, or 5.6%, to $20.92 in trading Thursday. Shares have fallen 4.0% in the past three months.

Here's a quick recap of some additional earnings reports on Wednesday.

Beaverton, Ore.-based Nike Inc. (NYSE: NKE) said strong growth overseas helped boost its fourth-quarter profit by 12% to $490.5 million, or 98 cents per share. Analysts polled by Thomson Financial expected the company to earn 96 cents per share for the quarter. Shares fell more than 5% in after-hours trading to $62.15.

CKE Restaurants Inc. (NYSE: CKR) said its first-quarter profit climbed 8% to $16.6 million, or 31 cents per share, helped by a small increase in same-store sales at Carl's Jr. restaurants. Revenue fell 3% to $466.2 million. Analysts polled by Thomson Financial expected profit of 27 cents per share on revenue of $465.5 million. Shares fell 5 cents to $12.25 in after-hours trading.

Red Hat Inc. (NYSE: RHT) said its fiscal first-quarter profit rose 6.6% to $17.3 million, or 8 cents per share. Adjusted earnings were 18 cents per share. Revenue rose 32% to $156.6 million. Analysts polled by Thomson Financial on average predicted a profit of 18 cents per share on revenue of $153 million. Shares fell 19 cents in after-hours trading to $22.11.

General Mills Inc. (NYSE: GIS) said its fourth-quarter profit dropped 17% to $185.2 million, or 53 cents per share. Adjusted earnings were 73 cents per share, which met Wall Street expectations. Sales increased 13% to $3.47 billion beating expectations. The company reaffirmed its guidance for the full year. Shares fell almost 2% to $61.19.

This post is part of our Big Company, Small Town series, featuring large companies and the small towns in which they are headquartered.

As with many interstate travelers, the Cracker Barrel is a regular meal stop during my family vacations. Partaking of some comfort food, perusing the country store for toys and foodstuffs we recall from our childhoods, and resting for a spell in the rocking chairs can be just the thing after long hours on the road.

But also like many travelers, I'm sure, I had no idea that the Cracker Barrel came from the small town of Lebanon (pronounced LEB-nun by many natives), Tennessee, the county seat of Wilson County, east of Nashville.

A local spring was the chosen site for the town, and a nearby grove of red cedars inspired the town's biblical name. The town was incorporated in 1819, and Cumberland University opened its doors there in 1842. The town square -- which today features antique and gift shops that bring tourists from far and wide -- was the site of a Civil War battle in 1862. Some 130 confederate soldiers are buried at Lebanon's historic Cedar Grove Cemetery.

The town expanded once the Tennessee and Pacific Railroad came to town after the Civil War, followed by the Lebanon Woolen Mills and the Gulf Red Cedar Company in 1908. General George Patton's tanks passed through the town on their way to Europe, and after World War II, the town expanded again, with the opening of Tennessee's first industrial park, which is the site of Cracker Barrel's corporate headquarters.

Anyone looking for good news in the housing sector will no doubt be keeping an eye on homebuilders Lennar Corp. (NYSE: LEN) and KB Home (NYSE: KBH) when they report second-quarter earnings this week. Both companies are expected by analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial to narrow their losses.

Lennar is expected to report net loss of 45 cents per share, as compared to a loss of 56 cents per share in the previous quarter and a loss of $1.55 per share in the year ago period. While the company hasn't posted a quarterly profit since the first quarter of 2007, the loss per share in the most recent quarter was 51 cents smaller than analysts had expected.

Miami-based Lennar is one of the largest homebuilders in the U.S., and it also provides financial services for home buyers. Even with the housing slump, the company had revenues in the past year of $10.2 billion, but its net loss totaled $1.9 billion. The company's long-term EPS growth forecast is 11.5%, which is less than the sector average and the S&P 500. The consensus recommendation of analysts remains to hold Lennar.

Shares closed Tuesday at $14.72, up from the 52-week low of $11.98 in January. The share price is down 62.9% from a year ago.

On Tuesday, both Kroger Co. (NYSE: KR), the nation's largest traditional grocer, and casual dining chain operator Darden Restaurants Inc. (NYSE: DRI) reported better-than-expected profit increases.

Cincinnati-based Kroger Co. said first-quarter profits rose 15% from the year-ago quarter to $386 million, or 58 cents per share, due in part to discounts on food, gas, and drugs that drew in budget-strapped consumers. For the quarter ended May 24, revenue climbed 12% to $23.11 billion.

Analysts polled by Thomson Financial had expected a earnings of 55 cents a share on revenue of $22.32 billion.

Kroger also reported that same-store sales rose 5.8%, excluding fuel, and 9.2% including fuel sales.

The company offered fiscal-year earnings guidance of $1.85 to $1.90 per share, compared to the analysts' forecast of $1.90 per share.

Kroger shares rose $1.82 Tuesday to $27.82, then fell in after-hours trading. The shares have risen 10.2% in the past three months.

Food giants General Mills Inc. (NYSE: GIS) and ConAgra Foods Inc. (NYSE: CAG) are scheduled to report fiscal fourth-quarter earnings this week. While cereal-maker General Mills is expected by analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial to post higher profits, frozen-foods packager ConAgra is expected to report a profit decline.

General Mills is expected to report net income of 70 cents per share, up 11.4% from the same period of last year, on revenue of $3.4 billion. The company has tended to provided positive surprises recently -- by eight cents, or 10.4%, in the previous quarter.

Minneapolis-based General Mills is the second largest cereal-maker in the U.S., after Kellogg Co. (NYSE: K). Its other brands include Gold Medal flour, Bisquick, Hamburger Helper, Pop Secret, and Yoplait. The company had revenues in the past year of $12.4 billion and net income $1.1 billion. Its long-term EPS growth forecast is only 8.7%, much less than the industry average but about the same as Kellogg's. The consensus recommendation of analysts remains to buy General Mills.

Shares reached a 52-week high of $63.91 in early June, and closed Monday at $63.40.The share price is up 11.5% since the beginning of the year. It trades at a P/E ratio of 16.60.

Though the quarter is winding down, there are still earnings reports to come, including Walgreen Co. (NYSE: WAG) and Kroger Co. (NYSE: KR). Both companies are expected to report profit growth this coming week.

Walgreen is expected by analysts surveyed by Thomson Financial to report third-quarter earnings of 59 cents per share, up 6.8% from the same period of last year, on revenue of $15.1 billion. The company has provided positive surprises in four of the past five quarters -- by two cents in the previous quarter.

Based in Deerfield, Ill., Walgreen is the largest drug store chain in the U.S. in terms of sales, and has more than 6,200 stores in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. In the past year, the company's revenues were $53.7 billion and its net income totaled $2.0 billion. Its long-term EPS growth forecast is 14.0%, which is less than the retail industry average, as well as less than that of rival CVS Caremark (NYSE: CVS). The consensus recommendation of analysts has recently shifted from hold to buy Walgreen.

The share price is up 4.0% since the beginning of the year, and up from 11.6% from a year ago. It trades at a P/E ratio of 20.68. Shares closed Friday at $41.35.